In a quiet library corner, a student finds a graphic novel sparking debate. The cover shows a scene that might shock some, but the student is drawn in. This is happening in schools and libraries everywhere, as more graphic novels face censorship.
Book bans and challenges are rising, affecting comics and graphic novels too. From the 1950s to now, these works have been at the heart of censorship fights1. In 2023, the American Library Association’s Office of Intellectual Freedom saw 378 graphic novels threatened with bans or challenges. This is a huge jump from just three years ago, with 1,020 censorship attempts1. This article will look at why graphic novels are being censored, the themes that cause controversy, and the effects of bans. We’ll also explore the history of comic censorship and the legal fights and advocacy efforts for banned graphic novels.
Key Takeaways
- Book bans and challenges on graphic novels have increased significantly in recent years.
- Controversial themes like LGBTQ+ representation, drug use, and profanity have led to the banning of popular graphic novels.
- The impact of these bans extends beyond the classroom, affecting access to important literary works.
- Historical context of comic censorship, including the Comics Code Authority, has shaped the landscape of challenged graphic novels.
- Librarians and advocacy groups play a critical role in protecting access to banned graphic novels.
The Rise of Graphic Novel Censorship
In recent years, the American Library Association’s Office of Intellectual Freedom has seen a big jump in banned graphic novels. In 2023, 378 graphic novels faced bans or challenges, with 1,020 attempts in total2. This is a huge increase from 2020, when there were just a few challenges2.
Statistics on Graphic Novel Bans and Challenges
Graphic novels like “Gender Queer” by Maia Kobabe and “Flamer” by Mike Curato were among the most challenged in 20232. These books deal with LGBTQIA+ themes and characters2. LGBTQIA+ and BIPOC voices made up 47% of the censorship attempts2.
Reasons for banning include LGBTQIA+ content, religious conflicts, political views, profanity, and sexually explicit material2.
The American Library Association tracks book challenges through reports and news2. They get reports from libraries, schools, and the media2. In 2023, 17 states, including Colorado, Texas, and Pennsylvania, saw over 100 censorship attempts2.
Public libraries saw a 92% increase in censorship targets in 2023, while school libraries had an 11% rise2. The ALA documented 4,240 unique titles targeted for censorship in 20232. There were 1,247 demands to censor library books, materials, and resources2.
This rise in censorship shows the ongoing fight over graphic novel content. As these works become more popular, protecting artistic freedom and intellectual freedom is key3.
“Maus” faced bans and challenges, with a Tennessee school board removing it from the curriculum in 20223.
Graphic novel censorship started in the 1950s with the Comics Code Authority3. Underground comix in the 1960s-1970s and the Miller v. California case in 1973 also played a role3. The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund was formed to protect creators’ freedom3.
As graphic novels grow in popularity, the fight against censorship is more important than ever. The data shows the challenges creators and readers face in a world trying to restrict these works23.
Controversial Themes in Banned Comics
Many graphic novels are banned because they deal with themes some find too much for young readers. These include LGBTQIA+ representation, drug use, and violence. “Gender Queer,” “Flamer,” and “This One Summer” are examples, featuring LGBTQIA+ characters4.
The visual nature of comics makes them more open to criticism. Images can seem more explicit than text. This makes comics a unique target for censorship.
“This One Summer” by Jillian and Mariko Tamaki was the most challenged book in 20165. “Drama” by Raina Telgemeier also often appears on banned lists5. Even “Maus: A Survivor’s Tale” by Art Spiegelman has faced bans for being “anti-ethnic” and “unsuitable for younger readers.”5
“Gender Queer: A Memoir” by Maia Kobabe is another highly challenged work. It explores nonbinary gender identities5. “League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: The Black Dossier” by Alan Moore and Kevin O’Neill has been banned for its graphic content5.
Graphic novels have also been banned for anti-family themes and offensive language5. The reasons for banning these works show how complex and subjective censorship can be.
The Impact of Banned Graphic Novels
Banning graphic novels can deeply affect both creators and readers. Authors face frustration, seeing censorship as an attempt to silence their voices6. Maia Kobabe, author of “Gender Queer,” has been a strong voice against censorship6.
Authors like Mike Curato and Cathy G. Johnson have also shared their concerns. Curato worries about the impact on his readers, who find validation in these stories6. Johnson, on the other hand, believes ignoring censors is the best way to protect her work6.
Authors’ Perspectives on Banned Works
Readers also suffer from graphic novel censorship. These books are popular in libraries, providing much-needed representation6. Bans can deprive readers of vital stories, affecting their development and well-being.
The fight against censorship is ongoing. Legal battles and advocacy aim to protect authors and readers’ rights. It’s important to amplify affected voices and understand the consequences of banning these works6.
Banned graphic novels deal with sensitive topics. Studies reveal that 44% address violence and abuse, while 38% focus on health and wellbeing7. Also, 30% cover grief and death, and 30% race and racism7. Banning these books denies readers the chance to engage with these themes.
The battle over censorship shows its impact goes beyond the books. Authors, readers, and advocates must be heard to protect these stories and freedom of expression6.
Historical Context of Comic Censorship
The history of comic censorship in the U.S. started in the 1950s. People worried about how comics might affect kids8. Comics became popular in 1930s New York City8. By the mid-1940s, many comics were being made, covering topics like crime and romance8.
In 1954, the Comics Magazine Association of America (CMAA) began self-censorship. 28 out of 31 major comic publishers joined, making up 75% of the 60 million comics sold each month9. This effort, called the Comics Code Authority (CCA), aimed to address concerns about comics’ content9.
The CCA’s approval greatly influenced comic production for many years9. It was a response to worries about crime and disrespect in comics. Reverend Thomas J. Fitzgerald of Chicago was among those who spoke out9.
The New York legislature also looked into comics’ impact on kids. They saw comics as a cause of juvenile delinquency9. Psychiatrist Fredric Wertham’s book “The Seduction of the Innocent” added to the debate. He linked comic reading to violent behavior9.
The CMAA wanted to clear the industry’s name. They created the CCA to address criticism and censorship9. The CCA played a big role in the industry until it stopped in 2011. This was because big publishers like Marvel stopped using it in the 2000s8.
The 1960s and 70s saw the rise of underground comics. These comics tackled topics banned by the CCA10. This shows the ongoing debate about comic censorship in the U.S.
Banned Graphic Novels: Controversy & Impact
The banning of banned graphic novels is a big issue. Many works face censorship because of their themes and content11. This affects authors and readers, like those in the LGBTQIA+ community, who see these stories as important11.
Comics are often criticized because of their images. People think these images are more explicit than text-only books11.
Groups like Moms for Liberty and conservative politicians try to stop diverse voices. They claim it’s to protect children, but many disagree12. In 2023, 378 graphic novels faced bans or challenges in the U.S. with 1,020 total attempts12.
This is a big jump from 2020, showing a twenty-fold increase in censorship attempts over three years12.
The most challenged graphic novels include “Gender Queer” by Maia Kobabe and “Flamer” by Mike Curato12. Eight out of the top ten were written by LGBTQIA+ authors or featured queer characters12. Seven of the top ten were for younger readers, showing a push to limit access to diverse stories for kids and teens12.
The censorship impact on the graphic novel industry is huge. 98% of book bans didn’t follow recommended policies, and 96% came from school boards, not community challenges13. This silenced 1,081 writers and artists, affecting about 2 million students13.
| Statistic | Value |
|---|---|
| Percentage of banned graphic novels out of the total collection | 10% |
| Percentage of autobiographical graphic novels in the banned list | 25% |
| Year with the highest number of banned graphic novels | 2008 |
| Percentage of banned graphic novels dealing with LGBTQ+ themes | 30% |
| Percentage of banned graphic novels with coming-of-age themes | 20% |
| Ratio of banned graphic novels related to historical events or revolutions | 15% |
| Average number of pages in banned graphic novels | 250 pages |
| Percentage of banned graphic novels adapted into films | 20% |
| Percentage of banned graphic novels with female authors | 35% |
| Percentage of banned graphic novels addressing social issues | 40% |
The Handmaid’s Tale graphic novel has won awards like the National Book Critics Circle Award Finalist13. It shows the value and importance of graphic novels13. It’s important for authors, librarians, and advocates to fight for free speech and keep diverse voices available to all13.
Libraries and Book Banning
Libraries are key in the fight against book bans, including graphic novels. Librarians protect these works, even when faced with challenges14. In 2024’s first eight months, there were 414 attempts to censor library materials and services. This involved 1,128 unique titles challenged14.
The number of titles targeted for censorship at public libraries in 2023 rose by 92%. This accounts for about 46% of all challenges14.
Librarians’ Role in Protecting Access
Librarians stand firm against censorship, committed to intellectual freedom. For example, in 2013, a patron in Columbus, Nebraska, wanted “Batman: The Killing Joke” removed. The library board voted unanimously to keep it14. In 2008, a high school teacher in Guilford, Connecticut, was forced to resign for lending “Eightball 22.” An investigation found no evidence of wrongdoing14.
Banned Books Week, celebrated in late September, highlights libraries’ challenges15. Comics, graphic novels, and manga are often banned for “adult content,” “language,” “sex/nudity,” and “age appropriateness.”15 The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund (CBLDF) supports libraries in censorship cases, defending the freedom to read15.
Librarians have been fighting censorship attempts consistently high in 2020 and beyond14. Their dedication to intellectual freedom ensures readers can explore diverse graphic novels14.
“Librarians are the guardians of intellectual freedom, standing firm against censorship and ensuring that all members of the community have access to a wide range of materials, including challenging and sometimes controversial graphic novels.”
Legal Battles and Advocacy Efforts
The censorship of graphic novels has led to legal battles and advocacy efforts to protect the freedom to read. A famous case involved “Elektra Assassin” by Frank Miller and Bill Sienkiewicz. It was displayed at a comic book store in Illinois, leading to the arrest of the manager on obscenity charges in the 1980s16. The manager was found guilty but the verdict was later overturned, showing the importance of defending First Amendment rights.
This case led to the creation of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund. This organization fights for the rights of comics creators, publishers, retailers, and readers16. Groups like the American Library Association’s Office for Intellectual Freedom also play a key role in fighting book bans and challenges across the country16.
The fight against book censorship is ongoing. Publishers, authors, and advocacy groups are taking action to challenge laws that restrict books. In 2023, a lawsuit was filed against the Florida State Board of Education by leading publishing houses and the Authors Guild. They challenged the book removal provisions of HB 106917. This law has banned hundreds of titles in Florida, including classics and contemporary novels, in just a few months17.
Similar challenges have been made against Iowa’s SF 496 and Texas’ READER Act (HB 900). Publishers and advocacy groups argue that these laws violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments17. These ongoing legal battles highlight the importance of advocacy in protecting the freedom to read and fighting book censorship.
The book banning crisis is growing, with data showing the scale of the challenge18. In the last six months of 2022, school districts banned 1,477 books. Almost 75% of these bans were due to organized efforts, pressure from elected officials, or enacted legislation18. Three districts – Frisco Independent School District in Texas, Wentzville School District in Missouri, and Escambia County Public Schools in Florida – banned 40% of all books during this period18.
Despite these challenges, the advocacy community remains committed to defending the freedom to read. Events like Banned Books Week and the Let Freedom Read Day aim to raise awareness and inspire action against book censorship16. The ongoing fight for intellectual freedom relies on legal battles and passionate advocacy to ensure graphic novels and other literature remain accessible to all.
Mature Content Graphic Novels
In the world of graphic novels, works with mature content face censorship. Titles like “Batman: The Killing Joke” by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland have been challenged. They deal with dark themes, such as violence and torture19. Daniel Clowes’ “Eightball 22” also explores complex themes, leading to controversy and bans19.
These graphic novels are valued for their artistic merit and storytelling. Yet, they are often targeted by censors. Works like “Fun Home” by Alison Bechdel and “Persepolis” by Marjane Satrapi have faced challenges. They deal with themes of sexuality, politics, and personal trauma19.
The censorship of these acclaimed graphic novels shows the ongoing battle between artistic expression and social norms. The landscape of mature content graphic novels is vast. Series like “Watchmen,” “The Sandman,” “Maus,” and “Saga” have also faced censorship challenges20.
The issue of censorship in graphic novels is complex. Publishers, librarians, and advocacy groups are all involved in the debate. As the popularity of mature content graphic novels grows, the battle to protect artistic expression continues1920.
New publishers and imprints are emerging, expanding the medium. Yen Press, founded in 2006, publishes Japanese manga in the United States21. Mad Cave Studios, established in 2014, publishes diverse titles across genres and age groups21. These independent publishers are shaping the future of graphic novels, including mature content.
The debate on mature content graphic novels will continue as the industry evolves. It’s important to find a balance between artistic expression and the concerns of readers and communities. This ensures that these thought-provoking works remain accessible192021.
Censored Graphic Literature
Notable Banned and Challenged Graphic Novels
Graphic novels have faced censorship for years. Works like Alison Bechdel’s “Fun Home,” Marjane Satrapi’s “Persepolis,” and Art Spiegelman’s “Maus: A Survivor’s Tale” have been banned. They were targeted for their LGBTQIA+ themes, political views, and violence.
Other books, like Raina Telgemeier’s “Drama” and Maia Kobabe’s “Gender Queer,” have also been censored. This is because of their queer themes and mature content. These cases show the ongoing debate about graphic novels.
Books about teen sexuality are often censored. Mike Curato’s “Flamer” was banned in Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah. Art Spiegelman’s “Maus” was banned in Tennessee in 2022 and has faced challenges in Missouri and other states.
David Polonski and Ari Folman’s adaptation of Anne Frank’s Diary was banned in Texas. This was due to its depiction of sexuality. Margret Atwood’s “The Handmaid’s Tale” graphic novel was removed from an Oregon high school. It was also challenged in Iowa, Missouri, Texas, and Florida.
Parents have objected to violence, sexual content, and disrespect in manga like “Assassination Classroom.” Jerry Craft’s “New Kid” has faced challenges for its portrayal of race in America. These cases highlight the debates over sensitive topics in graphic novels.
The push to censor graphic novels continues. This shows the ongoing debates about sensitive topics in these books22.
Conclusion
The fight over censorship in graphic novels in the U.S. shows deep debates on free speech, parental rights, and libraries’ and schools’ roles. Banned Books Week, from September 22nd to 28th, highlights the growing bans on graphic novels. Titles like “Persepolis” and “Maus” face challenges for their mature themes and LGBTQ content23.
Looking back, comics faced censorship in the 1950s, with 25% of materials in military PXs being comics24. Today, creators and readers face big impacts from censorship efforts24. “Drama” by Raina Telgemeier, banned in Texas schools, shows the ongoing fight for artistic freedom and the right to read25.
Authors, librarians, and advocates keep fighting censorship. They stress the need to protect the freedom to read and the value of graphic novels. Censorship not only silences diverse voices but also blocks readers from engaging with powerful stories. Through advocacy and legal fights, the graphic novel world aims to keep the freedom to read and create alive for future generations.
FAQ
What is the current trend in book bans and challenges in the United States?
What are some of the most challenged graphic novels in recent years?
What themes and content often make graphic novels controversial or targeted for bans?
How do book bans and challenges impact authors and readers of graphic novels?
What is the historical context of comic censorship in the United States?
How have libraries and librarians responded to the censorship of graphic novels?
What legal battles and advocacy efforts have surrounded the censorship of graphic novels?
What are some examples of mature content graphic novels that have faced censorship?
What are some notable banned and challenged graphic novels throughout history?
Source Links
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- Banned, Challenged, and Censored: The Graphic Novel Edition – https://www.ingramcontent.com/libraries-blog/banned-challenged-and-censored-the-graphic-novel-edition
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- Banned & Challenged Graphic Novels – https://www.lapl.org/15-banned-graphic-novels
- The state of comics and censorship during Banned Books Week – The Comics Journal – https://www.tcj.com/the-state-of-comics-and-censorship/
- PEN Report Reveals All Graphic Novels Banned in the Last Nine Months – https://cbldf.org/2022/04/pen-report-reveals-all-graphic-novels-banned-in-the-last-nine-months/
- Book Ban Data – https://www.ala.org/bbooks/book-ban-data
- Banned Books Week – https://cbldf.org/resources/banned-books-week/
- American Library Association reveals preliminary data on 2024 book challenges – https://www.ala.org/news/2024/09/american-library-association-reveals-preliminary-data-2024-book-challenges
- How We’re Fighting Censorship: Legal Action %%sep%% %%sitename%% | Penguin Random House – https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/articles/what-were-doing-legal-action/
- State Laws Are Behind Many Book Bans, Even Indirectly, Report Finds – https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/state-laws-are-behind-many-book-bans-even-indirectly-report-finds/2023/05
- 10 Graphic Novels for Banned Books Week – artnet News – https://news.artnet.com/art-world/banned-books-week-graphic-novels-335965
- The best graphic novels for adults: 21 amazing adult comics – https://www.shortlist.com/lists/the-10-best-graphic-novels-for-adults-400023
- Graphic Novels: Inclusivity Fuels the Continued Boom! – https://www.slj.com/story/graphic-novels-inclusivity-fuels-the-continued-boom
- The Censors Came For Comics In 2023 – https://www.forbes.com/sites/robsalkowitz/2023/12/29/the-censors-came-for-comics-in-2023/
- Banned Books Week: Graphic Novels – https://graphicnovelty2.com/2019/09/26/banned-books-week-graphic-novels/
- History of Comics Censorship, Part 1 – https://cbldf.org/resources/history-of-comics-censorship/history-of-comics-censorship-part-1/
- DRAMA Banned Book Review — For the Book and Against the Ban – https://www.picturethispost.com/drama-banned-book-review-for-the-book-and-against-the-ban/